The Evolution of Filipino Art

          The Philippines is a South Asian archipelago consisting of 7,641 islands in the Western Pacific Ocean. The country is known for its vibrant cultural tapestry woven from the traditions of its diverse indigenous communities.

          Before the arrival of Spanish colonizers in the 16th century, Filipino art was deeply integrated with animistic beliefs, nature, and mythology. Woven textiles, pottery, and wood carvings featured motifs and techniques acquired from years of craftsmanship. These generational crafts produced many vibrant patterns and designs that were elegant on the outside and carried valuable meaning as well. Textiles not only served as clothing but also allowed Filipinos to express their distinct identity and differentiate themselves from other cultures. Wood carvings were used as decoration in homes, temples and communal spaces. Designs such as the “sarimanok,” a mythical bird symbolizing protection and good fortune, frequently appeared on textiles. Pre-colonial Filipino art was truly an outlet for creativity and storytelling and showcased deep indigenous connections with nature. 

          Spanish colonizers in the 1500s imposed their own European culture onto Filipino society. As such, much indigenous art was suppressed as Spanish authorities promoted European art forms, labeling them as superior to traditional Filipino ones. Indigenous artists were often forced to produce  Catholic iconography  for churches. However, despite this suppression, indigenous art quietly persisted, serving as a form of “resistance” against colonization and its suppression of Filipino culture. During this period, the Estilo Hispano-Filipino, a fusion of Spanish and indigenous artistic styles, became prominent across mediums of art such as architecture, painting, and sculpture. In architecture, the Estilo Hispano-Filipino style manifested in the construction of churches as well as government buildings, where Spanish Baroque elements blended with indigenous architectural techniques and materials. This fusion led to instances of resistance through art, such as the subtle incorporation of indigenous elements into Christian imagery or the preservation of indigenous art forms in secrecy. 

          The post-colonial period witnessed the resurgence of indigenous art forms, fueled by a growing sense of cultural identity after the Philippines gained independence in 1946. During this time, artists were treated with varying degrees of recognition and support depending on the political climate of that given time. During periods of authoritarian rule, such as when Ferdinand Marcos was in charge from 1972 until 1986, many artists faced persecution for their political views. But during these times, art served as a method of resistance, with many using their art to create political posters. These political posters convey powerful messages of protest and defense against the oppressive regime of Marcos. These posters often featured bold imagery and brief slogans and artists were able to reach a wide audience and contribute to the downfall of Marcos’s dictatorship. 

          The evolution of Filipino art reflects the ever-changing nature of the country and its society. Still, the prevailing influence of indigenous art in the Philippines speaks to the country’s resilience.